
Currently, astronauts generally stay in space for a few months at a time only, although the end of March saw the launch of a one-year mission for US astronaut Scott Kelly and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko. The longest continuous period of time spent in space was by Russian cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov who clocked up an impressive 437 days 18 hours in a single trip, returning to Earth in March 1995.
Unfortunately, spending time in reduced gravity environments does negatively affect the human body in very many ways - get a better idea of how from this NASA informational slide show.